
For individuals of non-Hindu origin who wish to convert to Hinduism, particularly in Bali, the formal process required is the Sudhi Wadani ceremony.
Understanding Balinese Hinduism (Hindu Dharma Religion)
Before starting the conversion process, it is important to understand the essence and peculiarities of Balinese Hinduism:
Local Cultural Integration: Balinese Hinduism is a blend of Vedic philosophy, the teachings of Shiva Sidhanta , and Buddhism, which are strongly integrated with local Balinese traditions and wisdom.
Concept of God: Balinese Hindus believe in Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa as the One Supreme God. The gods, such as the Tri Murti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva), are manifestations of Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa.
Tri Hita Karana: The basic principle of life that emphasizes three harmonious relationships:
Parhyangan: Harmonious relationship with God (through prayers and ceremonies).
Pawongan: Harmonious relationships between human beings.
Palemahan: Harmonious relationship with nature and the environment.
The Importance of Ceremonies (Yadnya): Balinese Hindu life is governed by various rituals and ceremonies ( Yadnya ) covering birth, life, death, and celebrations of major holidays such as Galungan, Kuningan, and Nyepi.
Becoming a Hindu through Sudhi Wadani
Sudhi Wadani is a purification ceremony, or affirmation of one's commitment to Hinduism, sincerely and without coercion. This process must be performed and formalized by an official religious institution, the local Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI).
A. Mental and Spiritual Preparation
Sincere and sincere intention: The most important point is mental and spiritual readiness, as well as sincere and sincere intention, without pressure or coercion from any party.
Studying the Basic Teachings: Learn the basic teachings of Hinduism, such as the Panca Sradha (Five Principles), ethics, and basic prayer procedures. Guidebooks or guidance from religious figures (Sulinggih or Pinandita) are highly recommended.
Consultation: Consult with the PHDI in your area, or local traditional institutions, for guidance and in-depth explanation of the process and its spiritual and social consequences.
B. Administrative Requirements
Administrative requirements may vary slightly by region, but generally include:
Application Letter: An official application letter to the local PHDI to carry out the Sudhi Wadani ceremony.
Letter of Sincere Declaration: A written statement confirming that you embraced Hinduism of your own free will without coercion.
Personal Data: Photocopy of Resident Identity Card (KTP), Passport Photo, and other documents that may be requested.
Witnesses: Involving witnesses in the implementation of the ceremony, usually from the family or local community/religious leaders.
C. Implementation of the Sudhi Wadani Ceremony
After all administrative requirements are met and the application is approved, PHDI will determine the schedule for the ceremony.
Preparation of Upakara (Ceremonial Equipment): Completing the offering equipment that will be used in the ceremony, usually assisted by the PHDI or the priest.
Purification Procession: This procession is led by a priest (such as a Sulinggih or Pinandita). The process includes:
Recitation of the Sacred Promise: You will recite a sacred promise/declaration of allegiance to embrace and practice the teachings of Hinduism.
Prayer: Performing prayers according to Hindu procedures.
Please Tirtha: Receive tirtha (holy water) which will be sprinkled, drunk, and scooped up as a symbol of self-purification ( pensuddhian ).
Certificate Submission: After the ceremony is completed, PHDI will issue a Sudhi Wadani Certificate as official proof of your new religious status as a Hindu.
Living Life as a Balinese Hindu
Becoming a Balinese Hindu doesn't end with the Sudhi Wadani ceremony. It's the beginning of a spiritual journey and social integration:
Carrying out Panca Sradha: Believing in the five basic beliefs: Brahman (belief in the existence of God), Atman (belief in the existence of the soul), Karmaphala (belief in the law of cause and effect), Samsara (belief in reincarnation), and Moksa (belief in eternal freedom).
Participating in Yadnya: Actively involved in religious ceremonies at the temple, at home, and in the surrounding environment.
Social Integration: Joining and actively participating in activities in the local traditional environment (such as Banjar or Traditional Village), which is an important social structure in Balinese society.
After undergoing the Sudhi Wadani ceremony and officially becoming a Hindu, the next step is full integration into the community and spiritual deepening. Religious life in Bali is closely intertwined with social customs and traditions.
Social Integration and Daily Life
The Balinese Hindu community is based on the concept of Desa Adat (traditional village) and Banjar (neighborhood/hamlet) which have a crucial role in social and religious life.
A. Key Concepts in Social Life
Key Concepts of the Meaning and Significance of Implementation in Life Tri Hita Karana Three causes of well-being: harmony with God ( Parhyangan ), harmony with others ( Pawongan ), and harmony with nature ( Palemahan ).B. Role in Banjar and Traditional Villages
After becoming a follower of Hindu Dharma, it is important to try to integrate into the nearest social structure:
Registering in a Banjar: If you live in Bali, the Banjar is the smallest and most important social unit. Participating in Banjar meetings and adhering to local customary rules is key to full acceptance.
Participate in Ceremonies: Learn about and participate in routine Banjar ceremonies, such as Piodalan (temple anniversary celebrations) or preparations for major holidays (Galungan and Nyepi). This involvement demonstrates your commitment and sense of belonging.
Adoption of Local Values: While it is not necessary to be a fluent speaker, understanding and using basic Balinese greetings ( Om Swastiastu , Matur Suksma , Bli / Mbok ) is very helpful in social interactions.
C. Post-Sudhi Wadani Guidance
Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) usually has a development program for new followers (often called Dharmika or Hindu converts ).
Religious Education: Attend Dharma Wacana (religious lectures) or in-depth teaching classes to strengthen Sradha (faith) and understanding of Tattwa (Hindu philosophy).
Ritual Guidance: Ask for guidance from the Pemangku (temple caretaker) or clergy regarding the procedures for daily prayers and rituals at home, such as placing canang sari (daily offerings).
Understanding Important Balinese Hindu Terms for Beginners
To make it easier to understand the teachings and rituals, here are some key terms in Balinese Hinduism:
Term | Category | Short Meaning |
To Swastiastu | Greeting | An opening greeting meaning "May you be in good health by the grace of God." |
Five Principles | Philosophy | Five basic Hindu beliefs. |
God Almighty | The Concept of God | The name for the Supreme God in Balinese Hinduism. |
Temple | Place of Worship | A holy place (temple) for Balinese Hindus. |
Yadnya | Ritual | A sacred offering or ceremony performed with sincerity. |
Banten | Ritual | Various types of offerings or ceremonial items made from young coconut leaves, flowers and food ingredients. |
Tirtha | Ritual | Holy water is sprinkled, drunk, and scooped up during prayers. |
Food | Customs/Ethics | A state of impurity (spiritually dirty), usually due to death or menstruation, which bars entry to the Temple. |
Dharma | Philosophy | Truth, virtue, or cosmic law. (Living according to Dharma = living according to truth). |
Karma Phala | Philosophy | The law of cause and effect (results of good and bad deeds). |
Challenges and Hopes
Becoming a Balinese Hindu, especially for new converts, may face challenges:
Ritual Complexity: The sheer number of ceremonies ( yadnya ) and the variety of offerings can sometimes seem overwhelming at first. Solution: Start with simple rituals at home and seek guidance.
Customary Integration: Understanding and adhering to village customary regulations (which can vary from region to region) takes time and patience. Solution: Actively interact in the Banjar and listen to guidance from local customary leaders.
With sincere intention ( sradha ) and a willingness to integrate, the journey to becoming a Balinese Hindu will be a profoundly spiritual, culturally rich, and meaningful experience.
After understanding the social and ritual aspects, a new Hindu needs to delve deeper into the ethical and spiritual aspects that underpin the teachings of Hindu Dharma. The core of these teachings is self-control and the pursuit of union with God ( Moksha ).
Ethical Pillars: Tri Kaya Parisudha and Self-Control
The basic ethical principles of Balinese Hinduism are summarized in the concept of Tri Kaya Parisudha (Three Purified Actions), which was later expanded into ten self-controls.
A. Tri Kaya Parisudha
This teaching guides humans to purify the three sources of actions (thoughts, words, and behavior) so that they are in line with Dharma (truth).
Aspect | Sanskrit name | Meaning | Practical Implementation |
Thought | Manacika Parisudha | Think right and pure. | Don't be jealous/envious of other people's possessions, believe in the law of Karma Phala, and always think positively. |
Words | Wacika Parisudha | Speak what is true and good. | Avoid using harsh words, slander ( kata pisuna ), lies ( kata mithya ), and not keeping promises. |
Deed | Kayika Parisudha | Do what is right and good. | Not hurting/killing other beings ( Ahimsa ), not stealing ( Asteya ), and not committing immorality. |
B. Panca Yama Brata & Panca Nyama Brata
Tri Kaya Parisudha is a foundation which is then further elaborated in more detailed ethical teachings, which aim to control the inner and outer self (often called Dasa Sila ).
Group | Main Name | Control Focus | Core Example |
Physical Control (Birth) | Yama Brata Bench | Five main taboos in physical behavior. | Ahimsa (not harming), Asteya (not stealing), Satya (loyal/honest), Brahmacari (controlling lust while seeking knowledge), Awyawaharika (not liking to quarrel). |
Spiritual (Inner) Control | The Four Names of Brata | Five good habits in mental and spiritual. | Akroda (not angry), Guru Susrusa (respect for the teacher), Sauca (pure in body and mind), Aharalagawa (regulating eating patterns), Apramada (diligent and not arrogant). |
The Path to God: Catur Marga Yoga
The teachings of Catur Marga (Four Paths) are a spiritual guide that explains the various ways an individual can draw closer and unite with God ( Moksha ).
Marga (Road) | Main Focus | Practice in Bali | Perfect for Those Who... |
Bhakti Marg | The Path of Devotion and Love | Worship ( Bhakti ) through prayer, puja , sewa (sincere service), and making banten for the temple. | Prioritize feelings, emotions, and sincerity in loving God and His creation. |
Karma Marga | The Path of Selfless Action | Ngayah (community service) in Banjar or Pura, giving alms (charity), and carrying out tasks/work with full responsibility. | Prefer real action and social service as a form of devotion to God. |
Jnana Marga | The Path of Knowledge and Wisdom | Reading and studying the Vedas and other scriptures, following the Dharma Wacana , and engaging in deep contemplation ( tattwa ). | Tends to be intellectual, enjoys asking questions, researching, and seeking philosophical truth. |
King of the Clan | The Path of Meditation and Self-Control | Performing Tapa Brata (self-control) during Nyepi, meditation ( yoga ), and controlling the breath ( pranayama ). | More focus on mental and physical discipline to achieve inner union with God. |
A Hindu generally practices these four paths in an integrated manner, but each person may have different tendencies (for example, someone who focuses on ritual is often called a Bhakta , or someone who focuses on service is called a Karma Yogi ).
By studying the ethical teachings (Tri Kaya Parisudha) and practicing the spiritual path (Catur Marga), a Balinese Hindu will become more integrated, both within the traditional community and in his personal spiritual journey.
Balinese Hindu life cannot be separated from two main elements: the temple as a community and spiritual center, and Panca Yadnya as a concrete manifestation of Dharma practice.
Temple: House of God and Community Center
A temple ( Kahyangan or Parhyangan ) is a sacred place for Hindus. More than just a place of prayer, a temple is a spiritual, social, and cultural center, and a center for the practice of the Tri Hita Karana concept .
A. Structure and Spatial Layout of the Temple (Tri Mandala)
The temple was built based on a hierarchical zoning concept called Tri Mandala (Three Zones), symbolizing levels of holiness:
Mandala | Local Name | Philosophical Meaning (Loka) | Main Functions |
Outermost | Nista Mandala (Outside) | Bhur Loka (Human World/Mortal) | Reception area, parking, and non-ritual activities. Separated by the Candi Bentar (split gate). |
Middle | Madya Mandala (Central Java) | Bwah Loka (Internal World/Preparation) | Ceremonial support area: a place to put offerings ( Bale Gong , Bale Kulkul , etc.), a gathering place. Separated by the Kori Agung (main gate). |
Deepest | Main Mandala (Offal) | Swah Loka (Dunia Dewa/Paling Suci) | The core area of worship. There are Palinggih (sacred buildings) such as Padmasana (God's throne) and Meru . |
B. Main Types of Temples
Temples are grouped according to their function ( swagina ) and their follower communities ( sungsung ):
Temple Group | Follower Characteristics | Example of Main Temple |
Heaven of the Universe | Worshipped by all Balinese Hindus ( jagat = world). | Besakih Temple, Uluwatu Temple, Tanah Lot Temple. |
Three Heavens | Worshipped by a traditional village ( desa pakraman ), it symbolizes Tri Murti and Tri Hita Karana . | Pura Desa (worshipping Brahma, the Creator God), Pura Puseh (worshipping Vishnu, the Preserver God), Pura Dalem (worshipping Shiva, the Destroyer God). |
Kawitan Temple | Worshipped based on bloodline/ancestral ties ( wit = origin). | Sanggah/Merajan (sacred place of the nuclear family), Dadia/Panti (larger kinship group), Pedharman (ancestral cemetery). |
Pura Swagina | Worshipped based on similarities in profession or certain functions. | Melanting Temple (traders), Subak Temple (farmers). |
Panca Yadnya: Five Sacred Offerings
Yadnya is an offering or sacred sacrifice based on sincerity ( Lascarya ) and faith ( Sradha ). Panca Yadnya are five types of offerings that Hindus must make to maintain the harmony of the universe and fulfill moral obligations ( Panca Rna ).
Types of Yadnya | The purpose is to present to... | Example of Main Ceremony |
God of Yadnya | God ( Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ) and His manifestations. | Piodalan (temple anniversary), Tri Sandhya (daily prayers), Galungan, Kuningan, Saraswati holidays. |
Pitra Yadnya | The deceased ancestors ( Pitra ) and holy spirits. | Ngaben (cremation ceremony), Ngerorasin (spirit purification), Nyekar (sprinkling flowers on the grave). |
Rsi Yadnya | The Rsi (holy men), Sulinggih (priests), and teachers. | Diksa ( purification ceremony to become a Sulinggih ), Mendana Punia (giving charity) to the Sulinggih , respecting the teacher. |
Human Yadnya | Among human beings, as an effort to purify ( sekala ) and balance ( niskala ) the life cycle. | Mepandes Ceremony (tooth filing), Baby in the Stomach (pregnancy ceremony), Otonan (birthday based on the Balinese calendar). |
Bhuta Yadnya | The power of nature or Bhuta Kala (negative power) to return to harmony. | Tawur (large offering), Segehan (small daily offering on the ground), Panca Wali Krama . |
After understanding the Pura and Yadnya, a Balinese Hindu is advised to delve into deeper spiritual practices such as the sources of the sacred texts Tattwa , as well as the role of religious leaders such as Sulinggih.
Of course. To delve deeper into Balinese Hindu spirituality, we will move from daily ritual practices to philosophical concepts (Tattwa) and spiritual disciplines (Yoga), as well as understanding the role of clergy.
After understanding the Pura and Panca Yadnya, the next step is to delve into the philosophical dimensions ( Tattwa ) and inner practices ( Yoga ) that underlie these beliefs, as well as understanding the role of religious leaders.
Tattwa: Philosophy of Cosmos and Existence
Tattva is the philosophical and theological aspect of Hinduism that discusses the nature of God ( Brahman ), the universe ( Bhuwana ), and the soul ( Atman ). This concept provides a framework for thinking about why rituals and spiritual practices are important.
A. The Concept of Purusha and Pradhana (Prakerti)
This is a key concept in Samkhya philosophy adopted in Balinese Hinduism, explaining the origins of the universe:
Purusha: The psychic element, pure consciousness, eternal, passive, and unaffected by matter. He is the Soul (or Brahman/Atman).
Pradhana (Prakerti): The material, active, and unconscious element. It is the Basic Matter of the universe (including mind, buddhi , and the five great bodies ).
The universe is created when Purusha (Consciousness) interacts with Pradhana (Matter), just as a sighted paralytic guides a sighted blind person. The highest spiritual goal is to liberate Purusha (Atman) from the bondage of Pradhana (materiality and worldly suffering) to attain Moksha.
B. Balinese Hindu Cosmology (Tri Loka)
The concept of the universe is divided into three levels (or Tri Loka ), which is often represented in the structure of the temple ( Tri Mandala ) and the layout of the village:
Swah Loka: The Upper Realm, where the gods and holy spirits reside. This is the zone of ultimate purity.
Bhuwah Loka: The Middle Realm, where humans and other creatures reside. The world where Karma (deeds) are carried out.
Bhur Loka: The Lower Realm, where Bhuta Kala (the forces of the underworld) reside. A zone that needs to be neutralized through Bhuta Yadnya .
Hierarchy of Clergy (Sulinggih and Mangku)
Balinese Hindu practice and philosophy is led and facilitated by two types of clergy:
A. Sulinggih (Main Pastor)
Who They Are: Someone who has gone through a high purification ceremony ( Diksa ) and practiced the Catur Bandana Dharma (four bonds of dharma), leaving worldly life ( walaka ) to become a priest.
Main Roles:
Muput Ceremony: Leading a large Yadnya ceremony ( Nista , Madya , to Utama levels ) using the Vedas , Mantras , and Genta .
Ngelokapalasraya: Being a support for the people, providing religious guidance, setting auspicious days, and giving Dharma Wacana (religious lectures).
Educator: A spiritual teacher who continues to explore religious knowledge.
B. The Head of the House (Jro Mangku/Pinandita)
Who They Are: Temple servants who have gone through a simpler purification ceremony ( Pawintenan ) and are still living a household life ( walaka ).
Main Roles:
Caretaker/Temple Servant: Responsible for the sanctity, cleanliness, and daily rituals at the temple ( mesuci , ngaturang pejati ).
Muput Simple Ceremonies: Leading ceremonies at the temple at a simpler level (such as pujawali or small piodalan ) and some Manusa Yadnya ceremonies at the village level.
Servant of the People: Maintaining temple assets ( pelaba ) and serving the spiritual needs of the traditional village community.
After this, Balinese Hindus will truly understand how all these concepts are united in the local wisdom called Tri Hita Karana.
You are now at the final stage of understanding the basics of Balinese Hinduism, namely how all philosophical concepts and rituals are united in local wisdom.
Tri Hita Karana: The Main Philosophy of Life
Tri Hita Karana is a philosophical concept at the heart of Balinese culture and spirituality. It literally means Three Causes ( Karana ) of Happiness ( Hita ) and Well-Being ( Tri ). This philosophy teaches that true happiness can be achieved through a harmonious relationship with three primary elements:
Element of Harmony | Relationship Focus | Practical Implementation |
Parahyangan | Harmonious relationship with God ( Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ). | Carrying out Panca Yadnya, building and maintaining temples, performing prayers ( Tri Sandhya ) regularly. |
Person | Harmonious relationships with fellow human beings ( Wong ). | Practicing the concept of menyama braya (brotherhood), mutual cooperation ( ngayah ), deliberation in the Traditional Village, and implementing tolerance. |
Weakness | Harmonious relationship with Nature and the Environment ( Weak ). | Maintaining the sanctity of the forest ( angker forest ), preserving water sources ( Ulun Danu Temple and the Subak system ), and maintaining environmental cleanliness. |
This concept ensures that every action, from spatial planning ( Tri Mandala ) to daily activities, always takes into account spiritual, social and ecological balance.
Major Holidays: Dharma Cycle
Dharma practice in Bali culminates in the celebration of holy days. The two main holiday cycles are:
A. Galungan and Kuningan Holidays
This is a major celebration that falls every 210 days (based on the Balinese Pawukon calendar), celebrating the victory of Dharma (Good) over Adharma (Evil).
Eid | Philosophical Meaning | Main Network |
Galungan | The victory of Dharma over Adharma . The moment of reunification of Tri Kaya Parisudha (pure thoughts, words, and deeds). | Installation of Penjor (symbol of Mount Mahameru and gratitude), mass prayer ceremony, and self-purification. |
Brass | It falls 10 days after Galungan. It is a time when the Gods , Bhatara , and Pitara (Ancestors) descend to provide blessings and guidance. | The prayer must be completed before 12 noon (it is believed that the Gods return to Swah Loka ). The moment of asking for safety ( dirgayusa ). |
B. Nyepi Day (Saka New Year)
Nyepi is the celebration of the Saka New Year and is a day of purification of Bhuwana Agung (the universe) and Bhuwana Alit (the human self) which is celebrated with total silence.
Series of Ceremonies | Philosophical Meaning | Practical Implementation |
Melasti/Mekiyis | Purification of Pratima (symbol of God) and ceremonial equipment to a holy water source ( sea or lake ). | It is done 3-4 days before Nyepi. |
Tawur Kesanga | The big Bhuta Yadnya aims to balance and neutralize Bhuta Kala (negative forces of nature). | Held the day before Nyepi, it is known for its Ogoh-Ogoh parade (representing Bhuta Kala ), which is paraded and then burned as a symbol of the dissolution of evil. |
Nyepi (Catur Brata Penyepian) | A day of purification of self and the universe by stopping all worldly activities. | It is carried out for 24 hours with four main taboos: Amati Geni (do not light fires/electricity), Amati Karya (do not work), Amati Lelungan (do not travel), and Amati Lelanguan (do not seek entertainment/pleasure). |
By understanding Panca Sradha as the foundation, Tri Kaya Parisudha as ethics, Pura and Yadnya as practices, Tattwa and Yoga as philosophies, and Tri Hita Karana as the principles of harmony in life, you have completed the fundamental understanding to become a complete and responsible Balinese Hindu.